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Articles

File metadata: what it is, what it reveals, and why it is not enough as evidence

File metadata: what it is, what it reveals, and why it is not enough as evidence

File metadata is data about a file: author, dates, device, location. What it reveals in photos, PDFs, video and email, and why it is not...

What Is ESI? Electronically Stored Information in Discovery

What Is ESI? Electronically Stored Information in Discovery

ESI means electronically stored information under FRCP 34: scope, Rule 26(f), forms of production, and how to preserve web pages, social posts and chats.

OpenAI and Meta Tell US Judges Deepfakes Won’t Be Reliably Detected

OpenAI and Meta Tell US Judges Deepfakes Won’t Be Reliably Detected

OpenAI's Shira Anderson doubts AI images can be scientifically detected; Meta's Devin Norder says people can't tell. What it means for deepfake evidence.

SynthID on images: what Google’s check shows and what it can’t prove

SynthID on images: what Google’s check shows and what it can’t prove

A SynthID check finds Google's AI image watermark. What a positive result shows, why no watermark proves nothing, and what proves a photo is real.

Internal investigation: how to preserve evidence of employee misconduct

Internal investigation: how to preserve evidence of employee misconduct

An internal investigation stands on its evidence. How HR and counsel collect and preserve chats, emails, photos and interviews so they survive challenge.

Deepfake evidence in court: how to spot a fake and show that your evidence holds up

Deepfake evidence in court: how to spot a fake and show that your evidence holds up

Deepfake evidence in court: how fake media enters a case, what digital forensics can establish, and what makes a photo, video or recording defensible.

Sound mark and voice deepfakes: how to protect your voice from AI cloning

Sound mark and voice deepfakes: how to protect your voice from AI cloning

A sound mark can support a request to remove a voice deepfake, but it does not protect your voice. What it covers, what it misses...

How to prove a digital file existed on a certain date

How to prove a digital file existed on a certain date

How to prove a file existed on a certain date: why file metadata falls short, what a qualified timestamp proves and when to capture at...

Litigation hold: what triggers it, who complies and how to preserve web evidence

Litigation hold: what triggers it, who complies and how to preserve web evidence

A litigation hold starts when a dispute is foreseeable. Who complies, what the notice says, and how to preserve web pages, chats and posts it...

NIS2 compliance evidence: what to keep if supervisors move from guidance to inspections

NIS2 compliance evidence: what to keep if supervisors move from guidance to inspections

NIS2 compliance evidence for inspections: what to keep for each measure, incident and supplier, and how to prove its date and integrity.

CEO fraud: the Fideuram case, how to recall the wire transfer and document the attack

CEO fraud: the Fideuram case, how to recall the wire transfer and document the attack

CEO fraud sent about 95 million euros out of Fideuram in a few hours. What to do next: ask for a recall, report the attack...

Possession of site: what to record in a pre-construction survey before works begin

Possession of site: what to record in a pre-construction survey before works begin

Pre-construction survey at possession of site: what to record at commencement, how to document neighboring buildings and keep photos verifiable.

How to report an online scam: where to report it, what evidence you need and how to certify it first

How to report an online scam: where to report it, what evidence you need and how to certify it first

Report an online scam to your bank, the platform and the police, and preserve the listing, chats and emails at the source before they disappear.

How to prove workplace bullying: what to show and in what order to collect evidence

How to prove workplace bullying: what to show and in what order to collect evidence

How to prove workplace bullying: what must be shown, who bears the burden of proof and in which order to collect diaries, messages and witnesses.

How to tell if an image is AI generated: why the file cannot tell you, and what to do instead

How to tell if an image is AI generated: why the file cannot tell you, and what to do instead

How to tell if an image is AI generated: the file cannot say. Metadata is rewritable, Content Credentials removable, detectors near chance. What works.

Deepfake detection accuracy falls by up to 49% in a year of AI video progress

Deepfake detection accuracy falls by up to 49% in a year of AI video progress

AI video detection accuracy has collapsed. The DF26 benchmark puts nine detectors near chance, the best at 69.7 AUROC, and humans at 52.6% on fakes.

Missing Trader Fraud: How to Prove the Transaction Behind the Invoice Was Real

Missing Trader Fraud: How to Prove the Transaction Behind the Invoice Was Real

Missing trader fraud: why invoices and bank transfers are not enough, and which time-stamped evidence proves the goods and work behind them were real.

AI-written police reports and administrative records: where the data they summarize comes from

AI-written police reports and administrative records: where the data they summarize comes from

AI-generated police reports and government records inherit the gaps of their source data. What human oversight cannot fix and how certified capture helps.

Best evidence rule and digital evidence: when a copy counts as the original

Best evidence rule and digital evidence: when a copy counts as the original

The best evidence rule (FRE 1001-1004) decides when a screenshot or export can replace the original. What a copy must prove: hash, timestamp, custody.

Apple Reference Image: Authenticity Is Built at Source, Not Detected Afterwards

Apple Reference Image: Authenticity Is Built at Source, Not Detected Afterwards

Apple Reference Image signs photos at capture. It confirms the shift from detecting fakes downstream to building authenticity at source, and what it opens up.

Insights

ISO 41001 audit evidence: how to prepare your facility team with certified digital records

ISO 41001 audit evidence: how to prepare your facility team with certified digital records

EXIF Metadata and Proving the Date of a Photo in Court

EXIF Metadata and Proving the Date of a Photo in Court

Bounded autonomy for AI agents: the prerequisite for insurable governance

Bounded autonomy for AI agents: the prerequisite for insurable governance

Data provenance vs data lineage: differences, standards, and why governance needs both

Data provenance vs data lineage: differences, standards, and why governance needs both

Timestamp vs digital signature: what each one proves and why you need both

Timestamp vs digital signature: what each one proves and why you need both

AI training data provenance: how to prove dataset authenticity under the AI Act

AI training data provenance: how to prove dataset authenticity under the AI Act

Digital surveillance and GPS tracking in private investigations: the legal framework and how to certify evidence

Digital surveillance and GPS tracking in private investigations: the legal framework and how to certify evidence

Superbonus fraud and digital evidence: certifying attestations after Vicenza

Superbonus fraud and digital evidence: certifying attestations after Vicenza

Image provenance in public procurement: how authorities verify BIM renderings and site photos

Image provenance in public procurement: how authorities verify BIM renderings and site photos

Online resignations: how to give legal value to formal employee communications

Online resignations: how to give legal value to formal employee communications

ANAC 2026 Whistleblowing Guidelines: Certifying Reports and Internal Channels Ahead of Privacy Authority Inspections

ANAC 2026 Whistleblowing Guidelines: Certifying Reports and Internal Channels Ahead of Privacy Authority Inspections

Hash SHA-256 and qualified eIDAS timestamping: the forensic language every law firm should master

Hash SHA-256 and qualified eIDAS timestamping: the forensic language every law firm should master

Voice cloning CEO defense: stopping BEC 2.0 with source-certified corporate audio

Voice cloning CEO defense: stopping BEC 2.0 with source-certified corporate audio

Work progress photo evidence: building site documentation that holds up in appellate court

Work progress photo evidence: building site documentation that holds up in appellate court

Storm 1516: anatomy of Russia’s AI disinformation machine in 2026

Storm 1516: anatomy of Russia’s AI disinformation machine in 2026

How to timestamp a document: practical guide and method comparison

How to timestamp a document: practical guide and method comparison

B2B formal demand: how to prove emails, registered delivery and screenshots in court

B2B formal demand: how to prove emails, registered delivery and screenshots in court

Certifying audio recordings as court evidence: chain of custody and qualified timestamp

Certifying audio recordings as court evidence: chain of custody and qualified timestamp

Remote-work information notice: how to prove delivery and meet EU compliance

Remote-work information notice: how to prove delivery and meet EU compliance

Content provenance in newsrooms: a six-step verification workflow

Content provenance in newsrooms: a six-step verification workflow