Latest articles
Missing Trader Fraud: How to Prove the Transaction Behind the Invoice Was Real
Missing trader fraud: why invoices and bank transfers are not enough, and which time-stamped evidence proves the goods and work behind them were real.
AI-written police reports and administrative records: where the data they summarize comes from
AI-generated police reports and government records inherit the gaps of their source data. What human oversight cannot fix and how certified capture helps.
Best evidence rule and digital evidence: when a copy counts as the original
The best evidence rule (FRE 1001-1004) decides when a screenshot or export can replace the original. What a copy must prove: hash, timestamp, custody.
Apple Reference Image: Authenticity Is Built at Source, Not Detected Afterwards
Apple Reference Image signs photos at capture. It confirms the shift from detecting fakes downstream to building authenticity at source, and what it opens up.
Independent Verification: Why a Result Nobody Can Recheck Is Not Evidence
Independent verification of digital evidence: why a result nobody can recheck is a technical opinion, not proof that survives cross-examination.
Digital signature used without the holder’s knowledge: what verification actually proves
Verifying a digital signature confirms a valid certificate and an intact file, not who held the device. Where the burden of proof lands in a...
Insights
FRE 902(13) and 902(14): When an Electronic Record Authenticates Itself
APP Fraud Evidence: What to Secure When a Hacked Account Asks You for Money
Challenging the authenticity of an electronic document: what actually shifts the burden
